Title : Welfare for Amazonian Wild Animals
Abstract:
Biodiversity is the total variability of life on Earth, and its decline is a growing concern, largely driven by human activity (MELLISH et al., 2021). Modern zoos play a significant role in biodiversity conservation, acting as change agents with great potential to promote sustainability and protect species through conservation efforts.
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2023), over 128,000 species, representing 28% of life on Earth, are threatened with extinction. Brazil, classified as a megadiverse country, hosts one of the largest diversities of fauna and flora in the world, with six major biomes and nearly 50,000 plant species and 116,192 species of fauna (MMA, 2024). Among these, over 300 mammals are threatened, with 35 endemic species from the Amazon. The primary causes of decline include habitat loss and fragmentation due to agricultural activities, as well as hunting and the capture of animals for consumption or as pets.
Zoos are essential not only for conservation but also for Environmental Education, raising awareness about the importance of preserving biodiversity, especially endangered species (FIGUEIREDO, 2001). Animal welfare has become an increasing focus in zoo activities (ROLLER et al., 2021).
Many zoos adopt strict criteria for habitat adequacy, following international technical standards. They also implement environmental enrichment practices that aim to improve enclosures by providing mental and physical stimulation for the animals (Carvalho-Moraes, 2024). These procedures promote natural and healthy behaviors, allowing animals to adapt more quickly to the environment and local climate. Animal welfare for confined animals includes simulating the wild environment, including artificial lakes and typical local vegetation, as well as appropriate diets. For example, the Jungle Warfare Training Center Zoo provides meat popsicles for jaguars during the hot Amazonian summer, which exceeds 38°C, and regional fruit-based diets for parrots.
Biodiversity preservation is, therefore, one of the most important roles of zoos, which, through current legislation, are required to meet specific demands to ensure the maintenance of ex situ wildlife. In doing so, they play an essential role in wildlife conservation and environmental education, which is crucial for the future of global biodiversity.
